Research
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NeuromarkR™ — Cue Reactivity & EEG-Based Assessment
Our approach is grounded in decades of neuroscience research and clinical practice.
Drug-related cues acquire value and meaning over time, driving craving and distress
Robinson, T.E. & Berridge, K.C. (2025). The incentive-sensitization theory of addiction 30 years on. Annual Reviews of Psychology, 76(1), 29-58.
View referenceDrug cue and craving indicators are prospectively linked to drug use and relapse outcomes
Vafaie, N. & Kober, H. (2022). Association of Drug Cues and Craving With Drug Use and Relapse: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry, 79(7), 641-650.
View referenceCue-related processes like cue reactivity, craving, and stress can intensify over time
Pickens, C.L., et al. (2011). Neurobiology of the incubation of drug craving. Trends in Neuroscience, 34(8), 411-420.
View referenceEEG drug cue reactivity persists during abstinence, revealing craving vulnerability
Parvaz, M. A., et al. (2016). Incubation of Cue-Induced Craving in Adults Addicted to Cocaine Measured by Electroencephalography. JAMA Psychiatry, 73(11), 1127-1134.
View referencePhotographs of drug-related cues help monitor motivational processes and predict relapse vulnerability
Versace, F., et al. (2017). Beyond cue reactivity: non-drug-related motivationally relevant stimuli are necessary to understand reactivity to drug-related cues. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 19(6), 663-669.
View referenceEEG-derived Event-Related Potentials (ERPs) reliably differentiate people with substance use disorders from controls, supporting ERPs as objective markers of cue reactivity
Littel, M., et al. (2012). Electrophysiological indices of biased cognitive processing of substance-related cues: a meta-analysis. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 36(8), 1803-1816.
View referenceEEG-derived Event-Related Potentials (ERPs) are objective, mechanistically informative neural markers of substance use disorder treatment and behavior change
Houston, R.J., et al. (2018). Event-related potentials as biomarkers of behavior change mechanisms in substance use disorder treatment. Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging, 3(1), 30-40.
View referenceModit™ — Neurofeedback & Modulation of Cue Reactivity
Turning brain data into actionable targets for therapeutic intervention.
Closed-loop EEG neurofeedback trains neural markers of perception in real time
Tuckute, G., et al. (2021). Real-time decoding of attentional states using closed-loop EEG neurofeedback. Neural Computation, 33(4), 967-1004.
View referenceEmotion regulation strategies can modulate neural responses to drug cues and reduce craving
MacNamara, A. et al. (2022). Event-related potential studies of emotion regulation: A review of recent progress and future directions. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 176, 73-88.
View referenceMental strategies like cognitive reappraisal can modulate neural responses to drug cues and subsequent behaviors
Parvaz, M.A., et al. (2021). Attention bias modification in drug addiction: enhancing control of subsequent habits. PNAS, 118(23), e2012941118.
View referenceDrug-cue reappraisal and non-drug cue savoring interventions modulate neural responses to drug cues and treatment outcomes
Huang, Y. et al. (2024). Association of cortico-striatal engagement during cue reactivity, reappraisal, and savoring of drug and non-drug stimuli with craving in heroin addiction. American Journal of Psychiatry, 181(2), 153-165.
View referenceMindfulness strategies can modulate neural responses to natural rewards and reduce anhedonia in chronic opioid use
Garland, E.L. et al. (2023). Mindfulness-Oriented Recovery Enhancement remediates anhedonia in chronic opioid use by enhancing neurophysiological responses during savoring of natural rewards. Psychological Medicine, 53(5), 2085-2094.
View referenceNeurofeedback Improves Treatment Engagement & Outcomes
Turning brain data into actionable targets for therapeutic intervention.
Motivational intervention + psychophysiological feedback improves engagement and outcomes in addiction treatment
Stotts, A. L., et al. (2007). Preliminary feasibility and efficacy of a brief motivational intervention with psychophysiological feedback for cocaine abuse. Substance Abuse, 27(4), 9-20.
View referenceEEG-based neurofeedback improves outcomes in a mixed substance use disorder population
Scott, W. C., et al. (2005). Effects of an EEG biofeedback protocol on a mixed substance abusing population. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 31(3), 455-469.
View referenceNeurofeedback training for opiate addiction improves mental health and craving
Dehghani-Arani, F., et al. (2013). Neurofeedback training for opiate addiction: improvement of mental health and craving. Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback, 38(2), 133-141.
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